Group G/9 resistant Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis) from South Africa

International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds

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Thursday, December 12, 2024

GROUP G/9 RESISTANT SMOOTH PIGWEED
(Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis))

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

South Africa, KwaZulu Natal

INTRODUCTION		SMOOTH PIGWEED
Smooth Pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)) is a dicot weed in the Amaranthaceae family. In South Africa this weed first evolved resistance to Group G/9 herbicides in 2024 and infests Corn (maize), and Soybean. Group G/9 herbicides are known as Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (Inhibition of EPSP synthase). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to glyphosate and they may be cross-resistant to other Group G/9 herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated May 24, 2024 )
Common Name	Smooth Pigweed
Species	Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)
Group	Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
Herbicides	glyphosate
Location	South Africa, KwaZulu Natal
Year	2024
Situation(s)	Corn (maize), and Soybean
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Carl Reinhardt, and Nhlanhla Shabangu
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Carl Reinhardt

Shabangu, N.M., Simelane, N.A., Reinhardt, C.F., Marais, D. & Vorster, B.J. (2024) First report of target-site resistance to glyphosate in Amaranthus hybridus L. in the Republic of South Africa. Weed Research, 1–12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12635

First report of target-site resistance to glyphosate in Amaranthus hybridus L. in the Republic of South Africa Nhlanhla M., Nonduduzo A. Simelane, Carl F. Reinhardt, Diana Marais and Barend J. Vorster Abstract Amaranthus hybridus L. is a major weed for summer crops. Although A. hybridus has been a known crop weed in the Republic of South Africa (RSA) for a long time, herbicide resistance has not been a problem. Nevertheless, A. hybridus populations from KwaZulu Natal (KZN) Province have caught the attention of farmers since glyphosate has been progressively becoming less effective in controlling the species. This study aimed to evaluate herbicide resistance in A. hybridus and the underlying mechanisms of resistance. Seeds from 50 glyphosate-resistant plants were collected from fields at Bergville and Winterton in KZN and compared with a susceptible population from Hendrina (Mpumalanga Province). Glasshouse screening was conducted where glyphosate (Roundup^®PowerMax) was applied at 6-leaf stage, at doses 0, 540, 1080 (recommended dose), 2160 and 4320 g ae ha¹. Surviving plants were sampled for molecular analysis to establish any target site mutations in the EPSPS gene that confer glyphosate resistance. Dose–response assay indicated 100% control in the Hendrina population, variation in the control of the Winterton population and 100% survival in the Bergville population. Molecular analysis indicated a rare triple mutation (TAP-IVS) in the KZN populations. This kind of mutation endows a high level of glyphosate resistance, which explains why these populations survived even the 4 dose. These findings confirmed the first cases of glyphosate-resistant A. hybridus and established the mechanism of resistance as target site mutations in the EPSPS gene reported in the RSA. These findings will serve as a base for other herbicide resistance cases and the development of initiatives to control and minimize the spread of this weed in the RSA.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Smooth Pigweed biotype with this Smooth Pigweed biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on Group G/9 resistant Smooth Pigweed have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

Studies on the mechanism of resistance of Group G/9 resistant Smooth Pigweed from South Africa indicate that resistance is due to an altered target site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the mechanism of resistance in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group G/9 resistant Smooth Pigweed from South Africa please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

CARL REINHARDT

Professor University of Pretoria Dept of Plant Production and Soil Science P/Bag X20 Pretoria, 0028, Gauteng South Africa Email Carl Reinhardt

NHLANHLA SHABANGU

Mr University of Pretoria Plant and Soil Sciences 538 Grosvenor St Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028 Pretoria, 0028, Gauteng South Africa Email Nhlanhla Shabangu

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in South Africa have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Carl Reinhardt, and Nhlanhla Shabangu for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Smooth Pigweed Globally
(Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis))

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Argentina

1996

Soybean

chlorimuron-ethyl, and imazethapyr

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

Argentina

2013

Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Argentina

2014

Corn (maize), and Soybean

glyphosate, and imazethapyr

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Argentina

2016

Soybean

2,4-D, dicamba, and glyphosate

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
Auxin Mimics (O/4)

Argentina

2016

Soybean

2,4-D, and dicamba

Auxin Mimics (O/4)

Argentina

2021

Soybean

fomesafen

Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase (E/14)

Bolivia

2002

Soybean

chlorimuron-ethyl, imazamox, imazethapyr, and oxasulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

Bolivia

2005

Soybean

fomesafen, lactofen, and sulfentrazone

Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase (E/14)

Brazil

2018

Soybean

chlorimuron-ethyl, and glyphosate

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Canada (Ontario)

2004

Corn (maize)

bentazon, and bromoxynil

PSII inhibitors - Histidine 215 Binders (C3/6)

France

1980

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)

Israel

1986

Cropland

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)

Italy

1978

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)

Italy

2018

Soybean

imazamox, and thifensulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

Paraguay

2022

Corn (maize), and Soybean

chlorimuron-ethyl, and glyphosate

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

South Africa

1993

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)

South Africa

2024

Corn (maize), and Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Spain

1985

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)

Switzerland

1982

Vegetables

simazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)

United States (Maryland)

1972

Corn (maize), and Cropland

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)

United States (Virginia)

1976

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)

United States (Delaware)

1977

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)

United States (North Carolina)

1980

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)

United States (Pennsylvania)

1980

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)

United States (New Jersey)

1980

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)

United States (New York)

1980

Corn (maize)

atrazine, metribuzin, and simazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)

United States (Wisconsin)

1985

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)

United States (Kentucky)

1987

Corn (maize)

atrazine, and simazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)

United States (Kentucky)

1992

Soybean

chlorimuron-ethyl, flumetsulam, imazaquin, imazethapyr, nicosulfuron, primisulfuron-methyl, and thifensulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

United States (Illinois)

1993

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)

United States (Virginia)

1994

Corn (maize), and Soybean

imazaquin, and imazethapyr

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

United States (Illinois)

1998

Soybean

imazethapyr, and primisulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

United States (Delaware)

2000

Vegetables

imazethapyr

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

United States (Illinois)

2000

Corn (maize)

atrazine, imazethapyr, and primisulfuron-methyl

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)

United States (Ohio)

2001

Soybean

flumetsulam, and thifensulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

United States (Michigan)

2002

Soybean

chlorimuron-ethyl, imazamox, and thifensulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

Uruguay

2022

Corn (maize), and Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Perotti, V.E., Larran, A.S., Palmieri, V.E., Martinatto, A.K., Alvarez, C.E., Tuesca, D. and Permingeat, H.R.. 2019. A novel triple amino acid substitution in the EPSPS found in a high‐level glyphosate‐resistant Amaranthus hybridus population from Argentina. Pest Management Science 75 : 1242 - 1251.

Background

The evolution of herbicide‐resistant weeds is one of the most important concerns of global agriculture. Amaranthus hybridus L. is a competitive weed for summer crops in South America. In this article, we intend to unravel the molecular mechanisms by which an A. hybridus population from Argentina has become resistant to extraordinarily high levels of glyphosate.

Results

The glyphosate‐resistant population (A) exhibited particularly high parameters of resistance (GR50 = 20 900 g ai ha−1, Rf = 314), with all plants completing a normal life cycle even after 32X dose application. No shikimic acid accumulation was detected in the resistant plants at any of the glyphosate concentrations tested. Molecular and genetic analyses revealed a novel triple substitution (TAP‐IVS: T102I, A103V, and P106S) in the 5‐enol‐pyruvylshikimate‐3‐phosphate synthase (EPSPS) enzyme of population A and an incipient increase on the epsps relative copy number but without effects on the epspstranscription levels. The novel mechanism was prevalent, with 48% and 52% of the individuals being homozygous and heterozygous for the triple substitution, respectively. In silico conformational studies revealed that TAP‐IVS triple substitution would generate an EPSPS with a functional active site but with an increased restriction to glyphosate binding.

Conclusion

The prevalence of the TAP‐IVS triple substitution as the sole mechanism detected in the highly glyphosate resistant population suggests the evolution of a new glyphosate resistance mechanism arising in A. hybridus. This is the first report of a naturally occurring EPSPS triple substitution and the first glyphosate target‐site resistance mechanism described in A. hybridus.

García, M.J., Palma-Bautista, C., Rojano-Delgado, A.M., Bracamonte, E., Portugal, J., Alcántara-de la Cruz, R. and De Prado, R.. 2019. he Triple Amino Acid Substitution TAP-IVS in the EPSPS Gene Confers High Glyphosate Resistance to the Superweed Amaranthus hybridus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20 : 2396 - .

The introduction of glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops revolutionized weed management; however, the improper use of this technology has selected for a wide range of weeds resistant to glyphosate, referred to as superweeds. We characterized the high glyphosate resistance level of an Amaranthus hybridus population (GRH)—a superweed collected in a GR-soybean field from Cordoba, Argentina—as well as the resistance mechanisms that govern it in comparison to a susceptible population (GSH). The GRH population was 100.6 times more resistant than the GSH population. Reduced absorption and metabolism of glyphosate, as well as gene duplication of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) or its overexpression did not contribute to this resistance. However, GSH plants translocated at least 10% more ¹⁴C-glyphosate to the rest of the plant and roots than GRH plants at 9 h after treatment. In addition, a novel triple amino acid substitution from TAP (wild type, GSH) to IVS (triple mutant, GRH) was identified in the EPSPS gene of the GRH. The nucleotide substitutions consisted of ATA¹⁰², GTC¹⁰³ and TCA¹⁰⁶ instead of ACA¹⁰², GCG¹⁰³, and CCA¹⁰⁶, respectively. The hydrogen bond distances between Gly-101 and Arg-105 positions increased from 2.89 Å (wild type) to 2.93 Å (triple-mutant) according to the EPSPS structural modeling. These results support that the high level of glyphosate resistance of the GRH A. hybridus population was mainly governed by the triple mutation TAP-IVS found of the EPSPS target site, but the impaired translocation of herbicide also contributed in this resistance..

CARVALHO, S.J.P., GONÇALVES NETTO, A., NICOLAI, M., CAVENAGHI, A.L., LÓPEZ-OVEJERO, R.F., and CHRISTOFFOLETI, P.J.. 2015. DETECTION OF GLYPHOSATE-RESISTANT PALMER AMARANTH (Amaranthus palmeri) IN AGRICULTURAL AREAS OF MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL. Planta Daninha 33 : 579 - 586.

ABSTRACT - The recent introduction of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in Brazilian agricultural areas may promote several changes on weed management, especially in no-till systems and in glyphosate-resistant crops, since glyphosate-resistant biotypes of A. palmeri have been frequently selected in other countries. Therefore, this research was developed in order to evaluate the glyphosate susceptibility of a Palmer amaranth biotype recently identified in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. For this purpose, glyphosate susceptibility of three Amaranthus biotypes was compared: A. hybridus var. patulus, collected in the State of Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil; A. hybridus var. patulus, collected in the State of São Paulo - Brazil; and A. palmeri, collected in the State of Mato Grosso - Brazil. Dose-response curves were generated for all biotypes, considering eight rates of glyphosate and six replicates. All the experiments were repeated twice. Both A. hybridus biotypes were satisfactorily controlled by glyphosate, demanding rates equal to or lower than 541.15 g a.e. ha-1 for 80% control (LD80). The A. palmeri biotype was not controlled by glyphosate in any of the assessments and required rates greater than 4,500 g a.e. ha-1 to reach LD80, which are economically and environmentally unacceptable. Comparison of the Brazilian A. palmeri biotype to the A. hybridus biotypes, as well as, to the results available in scientific international literature, led to the conclusion that the Brazilian Palmer amaranth biotype is resistant to glyphosate..

Gaines, T. A. ; Ward, S. M. ; Bukun, B. ; Preston, C. ; Leach, J. E. ; Westra, P.. 2012. Interspecific hybridization transfers a previously unknown glyphosate resistance mechanism in Amaranthus species. Evolutionary Applications 5 : 29 - 38.

A previously unknown glyphosate resistance mechanism, amplification of the 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene, was recently reported in Amaranthus palmeri. This evolved mechanism could introgress to other weedy Amaranthus species through interspecific hybridization, representing an avenue for acquisition of a novel adaptive trait. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for this glyphosate resistance trait to transfer via pollen from A. palmeri to five other weedy Amaranthus species (Amaranthus hybridus, Amaranthus powellii, Amaranthus retroflexus, Amaranthus spinosus, and Amaranthus tuberculatus). Field and greenhouse crosses were conducted using glyphosate-resistant male A. palmeri as pollen donors and the other Amaranthus species as pollen recipients. Hybridization between A. palmeri and A. spinosus occurred with frequencies in the field studies ranging from <0.01% to 0.4%, and 1.4% in greenhouse crosses. A majority of the A. spinosus × A. palmeri hybrids grown to flowering were monoecious and produced viable seed. Hybridization occurred in the field study between A. palmeri and A. tuberculatus (<0.2%), and between A. palmeri and A. hybridus (<0.01%). This is the first documentation of hybridization between A. palmeri and both A. spinosus and A. hybridus..

Bhowmik, P. C.. 2010. Current status of herbicide resistant weeds around the Globe. Journal of Crop and Weed 6 : 33 - 43.

The incidence and wide spread of herbicide resistant weeds is a global problem. Over the past 65 years, repeated use of herbicides has resulted in the evolution of resistant weed species. The first resistant species to triazine was discovered in 1970 in the United States. Since then, a large number of weed species has evolved resistance to several classes of herbicide. Currently, there are 334 resistant biotypes, including 190 weed species (113 dicots and 77 monocots) in over 310, 000 fields around the world Common resistant species are Chenopodium album and Amaranthus retroflexus resistant to triazine, Phalaris minor resistant to isoproturon, P. minor and P. paradoxa resistant to diclofop, Echinochloa colona resistant to propanil, Echinochloa crusgalli resistant to butachlor, Eleusine indica resistant to trifluralin, Lolium rigidum resistant to diclofop, Lactuca serriola resistant to metsuljuron, glyphosate resistance to Eleusine indica, Conyza canadensis, Lolium rigidum, and Lolium multiflorum. Multiple weed resistance to more than one class of herbicides with different modes of action has also been documented with many species. Currently there has been increased herbicide resistance to various weed species around the globe. Most common species are Lolium rigidum, Avena fatua, Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, Setaria viridis, Echinochloa crusgalli, Eleusine indica, Kochia scoparia, Conyza canadensis, and Amaranthus hybridus..

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