Group B/2 resistant Lolium rigidum from Morocco

International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds

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Thursday, December 12, 2024

GROUP B/2 RESISTANT RIGID RYEGRASS
(Lolium rigidum)

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

Morocco

INTRODUCTION		RIGID RYEGRASS
Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. In Morocco this weed first evolved resistance to Group B/2 herbicides in 2023 and infests Wheat. Group B/2 herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and pyroxsulam and they may be cross-resistant to other Group B/2 herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Sep 28, 2024 )
Common Name	Rigid Ryegrass
Species	Lolium rigidum
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Herbicides	iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and pyroxsulam
Location	Morocco
Year	2023
Situation(s)	Wheat
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Katerina Hamouzova, Pavlína Košnarová, and Josef Soukup
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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Rigid Ryegrass biotype with this Rigid Ryegrass biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on Group B/2 resistant Rigid Ryegrass have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

Studies on the mechanism of resistance of Group B/2 resistant Rigid Ryegrass from Morocco indicate that resistance is due to an altered target site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the mechanism of resistance in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group B/2 resistant Rigid Ryegrass from Morocco please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

KATERINA HAMOUZOVA

Weed Research Scientist Czech University Of Agriculture In Prague Depart. Of Agroecology And Biometeorology Kamycka 129 Prague, 6 - Suchdol, 16521, Prague Czech Republic Email Katerina Hamouzova Web : Web Site Link

PAVLÍNA KOŠNAROVÁ

Researcher Czech University of Life Sciences Agroecology and Plant Production Kamycka 129 Prague , 16500, Czech Republic Czech Republic Email Pavlína Košnarová Web : Web Site Link

JOSEF SOUKUP

Professor Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Agroecology and Biometeorology Kamycka 129 Prague 6 - Suchdol, 16521, Czech Republic Czech Republic Email Josef Soukup Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Morocco have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Katerina Hamouzova, Pavlína Košnarová, and Josef Soukup for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Rigid Ryegrass Globally
(Lolium rigidum)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Algeria

2023

Wheat

clodinafop-propargyl, and pinoxaden

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

Algeria

2023

Wheat

iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and pyroxsulam

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

Algeria

2023

Wheat

clodinafop-propargyl, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, pinoxaden, and pyroxsulam

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

Australia (Western Australia)

1982

Canola, Spring Barley, and Wheat

chlorsulfuron, diclofop-methyl, fluazifop-butyl, sethoxydim, tralkoxydim, and trifluralin

Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly (K1/3)

Australia (South Australia)

1982

Spring Barley, and Wheat

chlorpropham, chlorsulfuron, clomazone, diclofop-methyl, ethalfluralin, fluazifop-butyl, imazapyr, metolachlor, metsulfuron-methyl, quizalofop-ethyl, sethoxydim, tralkoxydim, tri-allate, triasulfuron, and trifluralin

Multiple Resistance: 6 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Deoxy-D-Xylulose Phosphate Synthase (F4/13)
Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly (K1/3)
Inhibition of Microtubule Organization (K2/23)
Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors (K3 N/15)

Australia (Western Australia)

1984

Cropland, Spring Barley, and Wheat

chlorsulfuron, and metsulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

Australia (Western Australia)

1984

Cropland, and Pasture seed

trifluralin

Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly (K1/3)

Australia (South Australia)

1984

Cropland

metolachlor

Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors (K3 N/15)

Australia (Victoria)

1984

Pastures, Spring Barley, and Wheat

chlorsulfuron, diclofop-methyl, fluazifop-butyl, metsulfuron-methyl, quizalofop-ethyl, sethoxydim, and trifluralin

Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly (K1/3)

Australia (New South Wales )

1985

Canola, Chickpea, Faba beans, Lentils, Lupins, Peas, Spring Barley, and Wheat

chlorsulfuron, diclofop-methyl, fluazifop-butyl, haloxyfop-methyl, metsulfuron-methyl, quizalofop-ethyl, sethoxydim, tralkoxydim, triasulfuron, and trifluralin

Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly (K1/3)

Australia (Western Australia)

1988

Railways, and Roadsides

amitrole

Inhibition of Lycopene Cyclase (F3/11)

Australia (Western Australia)

1988

Cropland, Pasture seed, Railways, Roadsides, and Triazine-tolerant canola

atrazine, and simazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)

Australia (South Australia)

1994

Cereals

trifluralin

Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly (K1/3)

Australia (Victoria)

1996

Canola, Cereals, Fencelines, and Wheat

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Australia (New South Wales )

1997

Apples, Around Buildings, Canola, Cereals, Fencelines, Irrigation Channels, Roadsides, and Wheat

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Australia (South Australia)

1999

Alfalfa, Cereals, Clover, Fencelines, Grapes, Irrigation Channels, and Roadsides

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Australia (Victoria)

1999

Wheat

chlorsulfuron, diclofop-methyl, glyphosate, and trifluralin

Multiple Resistance: 4 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly (K1/3)

Australia (Western Australia)

2003

Cereals, Fencelines, Grapes, Railways, and Roadsides

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Australia (South Australia)

2008

Grapes

amitrole, and glyphosate

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Lycopene Cyclase (F3/11)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Australia (South Australia)

2010

Pasture seed

clethodim, and paraquat

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
PS I Electron Diversion (D/22)

Australia (South Australia)

2010

Pasture seed

atrazine, chlorsulfuron, clethodim, glyphosate, haloxyfop-methyl, imazapyr, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and paraquat

Multiple Resistance: 5 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
PS I Electron Diversion (D/22)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Australia (Western Australia)

2013

Grapes

glyphosate, and paraquat

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
PS I Electron Diversion (D/22)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Australia (Victoria)

2015

Wheat

tri-allate

Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors (K3 N/15)

Australia (New South Wales )

2015

Wheat

tri-allate

Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors (K3 N/15)

Chile

1997

Canola, Cereals, Lupins, Spring wheat, and Winter wheat

clethodim, clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, haloxyfop-methyl, sethoxydim, and tralkoxydim

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

Chile

2003

Wheat

clethodim, clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, flucarbazone-Na, haloxyfop-methyl, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, pinoxaden, and tepraloxydim

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

France

1993

Wheat

diclofop-methyl

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

France

2005

Cereals, Grapes, Orchards, and Rapeseed

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

France

2006

Wheat

flupyrsulfuron-methyl-Na, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and propoxycarbazone-Na

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

Greece

1997

Winter wheat

diclofop-methyl

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

Greece

2009

Winter wheat

chlorsulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

Greece

2016

Orchards

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Greece

2017

Grapes, Olive, and Orchards

glufosinate-ammonium

Inhibition of Glutamine Synthetase (H/10)

Iran

2007

Winter wheat

clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, and pinoxaden

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

Israel

1979

Orchards, and Roadsides

atrazine, and simazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)

Israel

1998

Alfalfa, and Wheat

clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, pinoxaden, and quizalofop-ethyl

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

Israel

2007

Wheat

chlorsulfuron, clodinafop-propargyl, florasulam, flumetsulam, glyphosate, imazapyr, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, metosulam, pinoxaden, propoxycarbazone-Na, sulfometuron-methyl, and tribenuron-methyl

Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Israel

2013

Carrots, and Wheat

clethodim, clodinafop-propargyl, cycloxydim, haloxyfop-methyl, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, pinoxaden, propoxycarbazone-Na, and sulfometuron-methyl

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

Italy

2007

Grapes, and Orchards

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Morocco

2023

Wheat

clodinafop-propargyl, and pinoxaden

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

Morocco

2023

Wheat

iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and pyroxsulam

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

Morocco

2023

Wheat

clodinafop-propargyl, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, pinoxaden, and pyroxsulam

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

Saudi Arabia

1992

Cereals, and Wheat

clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, and tralkoxydim

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

South Africa

1993

Wheat

clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, fluazifop-butyl, haloxyfop-methyl, imazamox, sethoxydim, and tralkoxydim

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

South Africa

2001

Grapes

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

South Africa

2002

Fruit, and Grapes

paraquat

PS I Electron Diversion (D/22)

South Africa

2003

Grapes

glyphosate, haloxyfop-methyl, paraquat, and tepraloxydim

Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
PS I Electron Diversion (D/22)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Spain

1992

Wheat

chlorotoluron, and diclofop-methyl

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)

Spain

1992

Wheat

diclofop-methyl

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

Spain

1992

Orchards

simazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)

Spain

2006

Orchards

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Spain

2016

Olive

glyphosate, and oxyfluorfen

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase (E/14)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Tunisia

1996

Cereals

diclofop-methyl

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

Tunisia

2023

Wheat

iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and pyroxsulam

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

Tunisia

2023

Wheat

clodinafop-propargyl, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and pinoxaden

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

United States (California)

1998

Almonds, and Orchards

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Zakia El-Mastouri, Pavlina Kosnarova, Katerina Hamouzova, Ezzedine Alimi, Josef Soukup. 2024. Insight into the herbicide resistance patterns in Lolium rigidum populations in Tunisian and Moroccan wheat regions. Front. Plant Sci. 15 : 1 - 12.

Rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) is one of the most troublesome weeds in Moroccan and Tunisian cereal crop fields. In total, 19 rigid ryegrass field populations were randomly selected in northern wheat crop areas of Morocco and Tunisia to examine the patterns of herbicide resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)- and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides. Greenhouse experiments confirmed reduced sensitivity to ALS- and/or ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in all L. rigidum populations. The occurrence of target-site resistance (TSR) was tested using high-throughput genotyping. The advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has enabled easy identification of causal mutations and confirmed the presence of ALS and ACCase mutations at specific codons conferring TSR. Thirteen populations showed resistance to ALS inhibiting herbicides associated with point mutations in positions Pro-197-Thr, Pro-197 Ser, Pro-197-Leu, Pro-197-Gln and Trp-574-Leu, while resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides was detected in 18 populations in positions Asp-2078-Val, Trp-2027-Cys, Ile-1781-Leu, Gly-2096-Ala, and Ile 2041-Asn of the enzymes conferring TSR. Additionally, dose–response experiments with pyroxsulam applied after the inhibition of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase by malathion showed an increase in sensitivity in two out of seven highly resistant (HR) rigid ryegrass populations. This demonstrates the presence of non target site resistance (NTSR) in some ryegrass populations. Further evidence of NTSR was investigated in dose–response experiments with pyroxsulam, following pretreatment with the glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitor 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD-Cl), which partially reversed resistance in only a few individuals of two L. rigidum populations. Hence, our study confirms the existence of multiple and cross resistance to ALS- and ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in L. rigidum from Morocco and Tunisia with both TSR and NTSR mechanisms. These results emphasize local resistance management as an important tool to detect and mitigate gene flow from rigid ryegrass populations where resistance has evolved..

Zakia El-Mastouri, Katerina Hamouzova, Tudor Trifan, Pavlina Kosnarova, Ezzedine Alimi, Josef Soukup. 2024. Resistance to ACCase and ALS-inhibiting herbicides detected in targeted sampling of Lolium rigidum (rigid ryegrass) populations from cereal crops in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. Crop Protection 186 : 1 - 9.

Lolium rigidum Gaud. (rigid ryegrass) is one of the most widespread weeds in cereal crops in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. This weed has evolved resistance to various herbicide modes of action in this region. ACCase and ALS inhibiting herbicides are mainly used in the major-cereal growing regions to control rigid ryegrass. Through a questionnaire, regions where farmers reported less control of herbicide treatments were registered in the three Maghreb countries. Registered fields were visited for collection and 75 field populations were screened with two ACCase and two ALS herbicides. Target site resistance (TSR) was diagnosed using Illumina Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology. The sensitivity bioassay results revealed over 60% of sampled populations to be resistant to pinoxaden and/or clodinafop and about 40% to be resistant to iodosulfuron + mesosulfuron and/or pyroxsulam. In addition, 53% of populations displayed resistance (R) to the two herbicide modes of action tested among the regions. In total, 16 ACCase and 11 ALS mutant alleles were identified, carrying out an amino-acid substitution and conferring herbicide resistance in 3700 of the analyzed plants. Most ACCase and ALS mutations were detected at codons Ile1781 and Pro197, respectively. Not only does this study demonstrate the presence of both cross and multiple resistance, it also highlights the non-ACCase and non-ALS -based resistance mechanisms that could confer resistance to herbicides with different modes of action which complicates the resistance management strategies. In the three Maghreb countries, this challenge is even more prominent due to few modes of action being available for rigid ryegrass control due to low-cost market and the prevalence of generic herbicides..

Fernández-Moreno PT, Bastida F, De Prado R. 2015. First case of glyphosate resistance in France. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 35 : 1469 - 1476.

Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide used to kill weeds, especially annual broadleaf weeds and grasses known to compete with commercial crops grown around the globe. However, weeds evolve and develop resistance to glyphosate. Until recently, no case of glyphosate resistance had been detected in France. Glyphosate resistance was indeed recently recorded in a Lolium rigidum weed population from a vineyard in the South of France. Here, we studied the mechanisms of this resistance case. Seed samples of L. rigidum were collected from the vineyard where resistance had been detected, as well as from a nearby area that had no known history of exposure to glyphosate. We studied the effect of retention of glyphosate spray, shikimic acid accumulation, glyphosate absorption and translocation, glyphosate metabolism, and the sequence of the enzyme that glyphosate targets in plants, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase. Our results show that glyphosate absorption decreased by 30 % in the resistant L. rigidum weed. In addition, glyphosate translocation out of the treated leaves was reduced by 52 %. Finally, the resistant biotype had a serine amino acid substitution at position 106 of the predicted protein, instead of the proline amino acid present in the susceptible population. Our results suggest that the resistant population of L. rigidumpresents three different mechanisms of resistance to glyphosate, namely reduced absorption, reduced mobility in the plants, and a mutation in the gene coding for the enzyme targeted by glyphosate..

Adu-Yeboah, P. ; Malone, J. M. ; Gill, G. ; Preston, C.. 2014. Reduced glyphosate translocation in two glyphosate-resistant populations of rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) from fence lines in South Australia. Weed Science 62 : 4 - 10.

Populations of rigid ryegrass with resistance to glyphosate have started to become a problem on fence lines of cropping fields of southern Australian farms. Seed of rigid ryegrass plants that survived glyphosate application were collected from two fence line locations in Clare, South Australia. Dose-response experiments confirmed resistance of these fence line populations to glyphosate. Both populations required 9- to 15-fold higher glyphosate dose to achieve 50% mortality in comparison to a standard susceptible population. The mechanism of resistance in these populations was investigated. Sequencing a conserved region of the gene encoding 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase identified no differences between the resistant and susceptible populations. Absorption of glyphosate into leaves of the resistant populations was not different from the susceptible population. However, the resistant plants retained significantly more herbicide in the treated leaf blades than did the susceptible plants. Conversely, susceptible plants translocated significantly more herbicide to the leaf sheaths and untreated leaves than the resistant plants. The differences in translocation pattern for glyphosate between the resistant and susceptible populations of rigid ryegrass suggest resistance is associated with altered translocation of glyphosate in the fence line populations..

Busi, R. ; Gaines, T. A. ; Vila-Aiub, M. M. ; Powles, S. B.. 2014. Inheritance of evolved resistance to a novel herbicide (pyroxasulfone). Plant Science 217/218 : 127 - 134.

Agricultural weeds have rapidly adapted to intensive herbicide selection and resistance to herbicides has evolved within ecological timescales. Yet, the genetic basis of broad-spectrum generalist herbicide resistance is largely unknown. This study aims to determine the genetic control of non-target-site herbicide resistance trait(s) that rapidly evolved under recurrent selection of the novel lipid biosynthesis inhibitor pyroxasulfone in Lolium rigidum. The phenotypic segregation of pyroxasulfone resistance in parental, F₁ and back-cross (BC) families was assessed in plants exposed to a gradient of pyroxasulfone doses. The inheritance of resistance to chemically dissimilar herbicides (cross-resistance) was also evaluated. Evolved resistance to the novel selective agent (pyroxasulfone) is explained by Mendelian segregation of one semi-dominant allele incrementally herbicide-selected at higher frequency in the progeny. In BC families, cross-resistance is conferred by an incompletely dominant single major locus. This study confirms that herbicide resistance can rapidly evolve to any novel selective herbicide agents by continuous and repeated herbicide use. The results imply that the combination of herbicide options (rotation, mixtures or combinations) to exploit incomplete dominance can provide acceptable control of broad-spectrum generalist resistance-endowing monogenic traits. Herbicide diversity within a set of integrated management tactics can be one important component to reduce the herbicide selection intensity..

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