Multiple resistant Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum from Italy

International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds

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Thursday, December 12, 2024

MULTIPLE RESISTANT ITALIAN RYEGRASS
(Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum)

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Italy

INTRODUCTION		ITALIAN RYEGRASS
Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. In Italy this weed first evolved multiple resistance (to 2 herbicide sites of action) in 2012 and infests Wheat. Multiple resistance has evolved to herbicides in the Groups B/2, and G/9. These particular biotypes are known to have resistance to glyphosate, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and mesosulfuron-methyl and they may be cross-resistant to other herbicides in the Groups B/2, and G/9. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated May 08, 2014 )
Common Name	Italian Ryegrass
Species	Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2) Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
Herbicides	glyphosate, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and mesosulfuron-methyl
Location	Italy
Year	2012
Situation(s)	Wheat
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Alberto Collavo, and Maurizio Sattin
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Maurizio Sattin

For the genus Lolium it is often very tricky to give a species for a certain population because they are often a mix of species, and plants can also be phenotypically intermediate. This population may be a mixture of L. multiflorum, and L. rigidum.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, and Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Italian Ryegrass biotype with this Italian Ryegrass biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on Group B, G/2, 9 resistant Italian Ryegrass have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of multiple resistant Italian Ryegrass from Italy please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

ALBERTO COLLAVO

Post Doc National Council for Research (CNR) Institute Of Agro-Environmental And Forest Biology (IBAF) Viale dell'Univeristà 16 Legnaro, 35020, Padova Italy Email Alberto Collavo Web : Web Site Link

MAURIZIO SATTIN

Senior Weed Scientist Italian National Research Council (cnr) IBAF - Weed Science Unit Viale dell'Università 16 Legnaro, 35020, Padova Italy Email Maurizio Sattin Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Italy have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Alberto Collavo, and Maurizio Sattin for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Italian Ryegrass Globally
(Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Argentina

2007

Cereals

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Argentina

2009

diclofop-methyl

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

Argentina

2010

Wheat

glyphosate, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and pyroxsulam

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Brazil

2003

Orchards, and Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Brazil

2010

Wheat

iodosulfuron-methyl-Na

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

Brazil

2010

Corn (maize), Soybean, and Wheat

clethodim, and glyphosate

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Brazil

2016

Wheat

clethodim, and iodosulfuron-methyl-Na

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

Brazil

2017

Corn (maize), Soybean, and Wheat

glyphosate, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and pyroxsulam

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Canada (Ontario)

2021

Hazelnut (filbert)

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Chile

1998

Canola, Lupins, and Wheat

clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, and haloxyfop-methyl

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

Chile

2001

Fruit, and Orchards

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Chile

2002

Wheat

flucarbazone-Na, glyphosate, glyphosate-trimesium, and iodosulfuron-methyl-Na

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Chile

2005

Canola, Lupins, and Wheat

clethodim, clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, flucarbazone-Na, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, pinoxaden, and tepraloxydim

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

Chile

2006

Lupins

clethodim, clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, glyphosate, haloxyfop-methyl, and pinoxaden

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Chile

2007

Spring Barley

clethodim, flucarbazone-Na, glyphosate, haloxyfop-methyl, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, pinoxaden, and tepraloxydim

Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

China

2022

Wheat

clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, flucarbazone-Na, pinoxaden, and pyroxsulam

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

Denmark

2010

Winter wheat

clodinafop-propargyl, florasulam, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and pyroxsulam

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

France

1993

Wheat

diclofop-methyl

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

France

2003

Wheat

clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-Na, haloxyfop-methyl, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, propoxycarbazone-Na, and sethoxydim

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

France

2018

Wheat

flufenacet

Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors (K3 N/15)

Ireland

2021

Wheat

cycloxydim, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, pinoxaden, and propaquizafop

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

Italy

1995

Alfalfa, and Durum wheat

clodinafop-propargyl, cycloxydim, diclofop-methyl, pinoxaden, quizalofop-ethyl, sethoxydim, and tralkoxydim

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

Italy

2002

Durum wheat

clodinafop-propargyl, cycloxydim, diclofop-methyl, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, pinoxaden, sethoxydim, and tralkoxydim

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

Italy

2005

Durum wheat

iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and mesosulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

Italy

2008

Wheat

clodinafop-propargyl, cycloxydim, glyphosate, and pinoxaden

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Italy

2012

Wheat

glyphosate, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and mesosulfuron-methyl

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Japan

2011

Rice Paddy Levee

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

New Zealand

2012

Grapes

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

New Zealand

2014

Wheat

haloxyfop-methyl, and pinoxaden

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

New Zealand

2015

Grapes

amitrole, glufosinate-ammonium, and glyphosate

Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Lycopene Cyclase (F3/11)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
Inhibition of Glutamine Synthetase (H/10)

Portugal

2019

Grapes

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Spain

2006

Orchards

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Switzerland

2011

Orchards

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Switzerland

2018

Sugar beets, and Triticale

iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and quizalofop-ethyl

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

Switzerland

2018

Peas

chlorotoluron, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and mesosulfuron-methyl

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)

Switzerland

2020

Peas, Sugar beets, and Triticale

chlorotoluron, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and quizalofop-ethyl

Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)

United Kingdom

1990

Canola, Cereals, and Wheat

cycloxydim, diclofop-methyl, fluazifop-butyl, pinoxaden, and tralkoxydim

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

United Kingdom

1990

Wheat

isoproturon

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)

United Kingdom

2012

Cereals

mesosulfuron-methyl, and pyroxsulam

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

United Kingdom

2018

Wheat

flufenacet

Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors (K3 N/15)

United States (Oregon)

1987

Wheat

diclofop-methyl

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

United States (North Carolina)

1990

Wheat

diclofop-methyl, and sethoxydim

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

United States (South Carolina)

1990

Wheat

diclofop-methyl

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

United States (Idaho)

1991

Canola, Chickpea, Lentils, Peas, and Wheat

clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, quizalofop-ethyl, and sethoxydim

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

United States (Virginia)

1993

Wheat

diclofop-methyl

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

United States (Mississippi)

1995

Roadsides

sulfometuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

United States (Georgia)

1995

Canola, and Wheat

diclofop-methyl, and sethoxydim

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

United States (Arkansas)

1995

Wheat

chlorsulfuron, diclofop-methyl, and fenoxaprop-ethyl

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

United States (Maryland)

1998

Wheat

diclofop-methyl

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

United States (Arkansas)

2003

Wheat

chlorsulfuron, imazamox, mesosulfuron-methyl, and sulfometuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

United States (Oregon)

2004

Orchards

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

United States (Kentucky)

2004

Wheat

diclofop-methyl

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

United States (Idaho)

2005

Canola, Chickpea, Lentils, Peas, and Wheat

clethodim, clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, flufenacet, quizalofop-ethyl, and triasulfuron

Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors (K3 N/15)

United States (Mississippi)

2005

Cotton, and Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

United States (Arkansas)

2005

Wheat

clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, and pinoxaden

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

United States (Tennessee)

2006

Winter wheat

diclofop-methyl

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

United States (North Carolina)

2007

Wheat

mesosulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

United States (North Carolina)

2007

Wheat

diclofop-methyl, imazamox, mesosulfuron-methyl, pinoxaden, and pyroxsulam

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

United States (Arkansas)

2008

Wheat

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

United States (California)

2008

Orchards, and Roadsides

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

United States (Georgia)

2009

Wheat

diclofop-methyl, and mesosulfuron-methyl

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

United States (North Carolina)

2009

Corn (maize), Cotton, and Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

United States (Oregon)

2010

Orchards

glufosinate-ammonium, and glyphosate

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
Inhibition of Glutamine Synthetase (H/10)

United States (South Carolina)

2010

Wheat

diclofop-methyl, mesosulfuron-methyl, and pyroxsulam

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

United States (Delaware)

2012

Wheat

mesosulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

United States (Tennessee)

2012

Corn (maize)

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

United States (Missouri)

2013

Corn (maize), Soybean, and Wheat

mesosulfuron-methyl, and pinoxaden

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

United States (Kentucky)

2013

Wheat

mesosulfuron-methyl, and pyroxsulam

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)

United States (Louisiana)

2014

Corn (maize), Cotton, and Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

United States (California)

2015

Grapes, and Orchards

glufosinate-ammonium

Inhibition of Glutamine Synthetase (H/10)

United States (California)

2015

Alfalfa, Grapes, and Orchards

glyphosate, paraquat, and sethoxydim

Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
PS I Electron Diversion (D/22)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

United States (California)

2016

Alfalfa, and Orchards

clethodim, cyhalofop-butyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, fluazifop-butyl, glyphosate, imazamox, mesosulfuron-methyl, paraquat, and sethoxydim

Multiple Resistance: 4 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
PS I Electron Diversion (D/22)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

United States (Oklahoma)

2017

Wheat

pinoxaden

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)

United States (Oregon)

2018

Wheat

flufenacet

Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors (K3 N/15)

United States (Washington)

2018

Wheat

flufenacet

Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors (K3 N/15)

United States (North Carolina)

2022

Soybean, and Winter wheat

clethodim, glyphosate, nicosulfuron, and paraquat

Literature about Similar Cases

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Menegat, A., G. C. Bailly, R. Aponte, G. M. T. Heinrich, B. Sievernich, and R. Gerhards. 2016. Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) amino acid substitution Asp376Glu in Lolium perenne: effect on herbicide efficacy and plant growth.. J Plant Dis Prot DOI 10.1007/s41348-016-0023-2 : .

Recently, the acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) amino acid substitution Asp376Glu was detected in a Lolium perenne population originating in France. This is the first documented occurrence of the Asp376Glu single- nucleotide polymorphism in a Lolium species. The effects on herbicide efficacy and plant fitness are presented. Separation of the original population into different genetic subgroups allowed the comparison of different L. perenne AHAS genotypes according to their susceptibility to AHAS-inhibiting herbicides. Root and shoot biomass accumulation as well as tiller production was analysed for resistant and sensitive populations. Genotype-specific AHAS activity and inhibition were studied in vitro, using recombinant Arabidopsis thaliana DNA. Plants expressing the AHAS Asp376Glu genotype were resistant against mesosulfuron ? iodosulfuron, pyroxsulam and propoxycarbazone. To imazamox, reduced susceptibility for dosages below 140 g a.i. ha-1 was observed. In the absence of herbicide, no significant impact of the Asp376Glu genotype on shoot biomass and tiller accumulation could be observed, whereas root biomass of the Asp376Glu genotype was significantly reduced by 68 % compared to the AHAS genetic wild type. The AHAS enzyme study revealed reduced AHAS enzyme rate of 48 % for the Asp376Glu genotype compared to the AHAS genetic wild type. This study highlights the role of the amino acid exchange on resistance profile against the most relevant AHAS-inhibiting herbicides. First indications were found that fitness of the Asp376Glu genotype is hampered..

Ghanizadeh, H., Harrington, K.C., James, T.K., Woolley, D.J., Ellison, N.W.. 2015. . Mechanisms of glyphosate resistance in two perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) populations. Pest Management Science 71 : 1617 - 1622.

BACKGROUND

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) has developed resistance to glyphosate within New Zealand vineyards following many years of herbicide application. The objectives of this work were to confirm resistance within two populations obtained from affected vineyards, and to determine the mechanism of resistance to glyphosate.

RESULTS

Population O was confirmed to have a 25‐fold resistance to glyphosate, whereas population J had a sevenfold resistance. Results of genotyping assays demonstrated a single nucleotide substitution at codon 106 of 5‐enolpyruvylshikimate‐3‐phosphate synthase in population O but not population J. Glyphosate‐resistant and glyphosate‐susceptible populations did not differ in glyphosate absorption. However, in both resistant populations, much more of the absorbed 14C‐glyphosate remained in the treated leaf than occurred in the susceptible population. Significantly more glyphosate was found in the pseudostem region of susceptible plants compared with resistant plants.

CONCLUSION

Both target‐site and non‐target‐site mechanisms of glyphosate resistance were found in the perennial ryegrass population with 25‐fold resistance, whereas only the non‐target‐site mechanism of resistance was found in the population with sevenfold resistance. This is the first study of the mechanism of glyphosate resistance in perennial ryegrass.

Ghanizadeh, H. ; Harrington, K. C. ; James, T. K. ; Woolley, D. J.. 2013. Confirmation of glyphosate resistance in two species of ryegrass from New Zealand vineyards. New Zealand Plant Protection 66 : 89 - 93.

Plants were obtained from two populations of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and three populations of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) from different vineyards in Marlborough and Nelson that were suspected of being resistant to glyphosate following many consecutive applications of this herbicide over recent years. Each population was multiplied by splitting out tillers, and this was also done for plants taken from a population of each species from Manawatu pastures where they had not been exposed to glyphosate application. A dose-response experiment showed that four populations taken from the vineyards were about 10 times as resistant to glyphosate as those plants that had not been previously exposed to the herbicide. The experiment was repeated and showed one perennial ryegrass population to have a 30-fold level of resistance. These are the first confirmed cases of glyphosate resistance within New Zealand..

Salas, R. A. ; Burgos, N. R. ; Mauromoustakos, A. ; Lassiter, R. B. ; Scott, R. C. ; Alcober, E. A.. 2013. Resistance to ACCase and ALS inhibitors in Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum in the United States. Journal of Crop and Weed 9 : 168 - 183.

Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) is a major weed problem in wheat production. Being an obligate outcrossing species, it has a high propensity to evolve resistance to herbicides. This study was conducted to determine the level of resistance and resistance patterns of Italian ryegrass populations in the United States to ACCase- (diclofop and pinoxaden) and ALS (imazamox, mesosulfuron, and pyroxsulam) inhibitors. Dose-response bioassays were conducted on 47 populations from suspect herbicide-resistant fields in the southern United States (Arkansas, Mississippi, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia), Kansas, and Washington collected between 2008 and 2011 from fields suspected of resistance to ALS inhibitors. Eighty-seven percent of the populations were resistant to diclofop. Eight of the diclofop-resistant populations (25%) were also resistant to pinoxaden. Thirty-eight diclofop-resistant populations (81%) were resistant to at least one ALS inhibitor. Thirty-nine populations (83%) were resistant to mesosulfuron, 38 of which were also resistant to pyroxsulam. All mesosulfuron-resistant populations tested were cross-resistant to imazamox and pyroxsulam. Cross-resistance patterns to ALS inhibitors differed. Of 45 populations with resistance to ACCase or ALS inhibitors, 35 (78%) had multiple resistance to both modes of action. The majority of diclofop-resistant L. perenne populations can be controlled with pinoxaden, but widespread resistance to pinoxaden can evolve soon if it is intensively used. A comprehensive weed management approach prior to planting will be critical in managing L. perenne in wheat and preventing or delaying resistance evolution..

Wu JinXia ; Zhang ZhiGuo ; Zhang Qian ; Lang ZhiHong ; Sun XueHui. 2012. Scarabaeid larvae- and herbicide-resistant transgenic perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) obtained by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of cry8Ca2, cry8Ga and bar genes. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 11 : 53 - 61.

Insect pest and weeds are two major problems for forage and turf grasses. In this study, scarab larvae- and herbicideresistant transgenic perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was obtained by transforming it with cry and bar genes simultaneously via the Agrobacterium-mediated method. To optimize the callus induction and plant regeneration conditions, various concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 6-benzylaminopurine were assayed. The transformation efficiencies of different Agrobacterium suspension media, used during Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, were compared. Then, plasmids of pCAMBIA3301 containing cry gene (cry8Ca2 or cry8Ga) and bar gene, driven by ubiquitin promoter, were transformed into perennial ryegrass. The transformants were generated and confirmed by both Southern hybridization analysis and Western hybridization analysis. Further, the resistance of transgenic perennial ryegrass plants to scarab larvae and herbicide were analyzed. After 30 d of co-cultivation with scarab larvae, the damage to the root system of transgenic plants was less than that of non-transgenic control plants. Additionally, the leaves of transgenic plants were resistant to Basta®, while leaves of the wild plants wilted after Basta® spraying. These results show that cry gene and bar gene were successfully transferred into perennial ryegrass by the Agrobactgerium-mediated method, and convey resistance to scarab larvae and herbicide in transgenic perennial ryegrass plants..

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