Group C1 C2/5 resistant Brassica rapa (=B. campestris) from Canada, Quebec

International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds

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Sunday, December 22, 2024

GROUP C1 C2/5 RESISTANT BIRDSRAPE MUSTARD
(Brassica rapa (=B. campestris))

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)

Canada, Quebec

INTRODUCTION		BIRDSRAPE MUSTARD
Birdsrape Mustard (Brassica rapa (=B. campestris)) is a dicot weed in the Brassicaceae family. In Quebec this weed first evolved resistance to Group C1 C2/5 herbicides in 1977 and infests Corn (maize). Group C1 C2/5 herbicides are known as PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (Inhbition of Photosynthesis at PSll - Serine 264 Binders ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to atrazine and they may be cross-resistant to other Group C1 C2/5 herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Dec 28, 2000 )
Common Name	Birdsrape Mustard
Species	Brassica rapa (=B. campestris)
Group	PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
Herbicides	atrazine
Location	Canada, Quebec
Year	1977
Situation(s)	Corn (maize)
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Hugh Beckie
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Hugh Beckie

V. Souza Machado, J. D. Bandeen, G. R. Stephenson, and P. Lavigne. 1978. Uniparental inheritance of chloroplast atrazine tolerance in Brassica campestris. Can. J. Plant Sci., 58 : 977-981. Also: V. Souza Machado and J. D. Bandeen. 1982. Genetic analysis of chloroplast atrazine resistance in Brassica campestris - cytoplasmic inheritance. Weed Sci. 30:281-285. Also: L. R. Mapplebeck, V. Souza Machado, and B. Grodzinski. 1982. Seed germination and seedling growth characteristics of atrazine-susceptible and resistant biotypes of Brassica campestris. Can. J. Plant Sci. 62:733-739.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Birdsrape Mustard biotype with this Birdsrape Mustard biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on Group C1 C2/5 resistant Birdsrape Mustard indicate that the inheritance is determined by a one gene, dominant, cytoplasmic trait. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

Studies on the mechanism of resistance of Group C1 C2/5 resistant Birdsrape Mustard from Quebec indicate that resistance is due to an altered target site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the mechanism of resistance in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Relative Fitness

Researchers have indicated that Group C1 C2/5 resistant Birdsrape Mustard is ecologically less fit than normal susceptible Birdsrape Mustard. There may be a note below or an article discussing the fitness of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

HUGH BECKIE

Professor of Crop Weed Science...Canadian Expat University of Western Australia Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative School of Agriculture and Environment 35 Stirling Highway Crawley, 6009, Western Australia Australia Email Hugh Beckie

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Quebec have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Hugh Beckie for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Birdsrape Mustard Globally
(Brassica rapa (=B. campestris))

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Argentina

2012

Soybean, and Wheat

diclosulam, glyphosate, imazapyr, and metsulfuron-methyl

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Argentina

2015

Soybean, Wheat, and Winter barley

2,4-D

Auxin Mimics (O/4)

Canada (Quebec)

1977

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)

Canada (Quebec)

2017

Corn (maize), and Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Mithila, J. ; Hall, J. C.. 2013. Transfer of auxinic herbicide resistance from Brassica kaber to Brassica juncea and Brassica rapa through embryo rescue. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 49 : 461 - 467.

Auxinic herbicides are widely used in agriculture to selectively control broadleaf weeds. Prolonged use of auxinic herbicides has resulted in the evolution of resistance to these herbicides in some biotypes of Brassica kaber (wild mustard), a common weed in agricultural crops. In this study, auxinic herbicide resistance from B. kaber was transferred to Brassica juncea and Brassica rapa, two commercially important Brassica crops, by traditional breeding coupled with in vitro embryo rescue. A high frequency of embryo regeneration and hybrid plant establishment was achieved. Transfer of auxinic herbicide resistance from B. kaber to the hybrids was assessed by whole-plant screening of hybrids with dicamba, a widely used auxinic herbicide. Furthermore, the hybrids were tested for fertility (both pollen and pistil) and their ability to produce backcross progeny. The auxinic herbicide-resistant trait was introgressed into B. juncea by backcross breeding. DNA ploidy of the hybrids as well as of the backcross progeny was estimated by flow cytometry. Creation of auxinic herbicide-resistant Brassica crops by non-transgenic approaches should facilitate effective weed control, encourage less tillage, provide herbicide rotation options, minimize occurrence of herbicide resistance, and increase acceptance of these crops..

Konagaya, K. ; Tsuda, M. ; Okuzaki, A. ; Ando, S. ; Tabei, Y.. 2013. Application of the acetolactate synthase gene as a cisgenic selectable marker for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis). Plant Biotechnology 30 : 125 - 133.

Heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) has been recalcitrant to regeneration and transformation. In particular, there are few reports concerning Japanese cultivars. We evaluated the factors that inhibit Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in heading Chinese cabbage. Then, we investigated the effects of selectable markers using heading Chinese cabbage cv. Chihiri 70 and compared the effects with those in broccoli cv. Ryokurei (B. oleracea var. italica) as a control for an easily transformable Brassica species. To utilize a selectable marker derived from a host plant cisgene, we cloned a genomic DNA fragment containing regulatory and coding sequences of the acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene from Chinese cabbage and mutagenized it to a herbicide resistant form. After transformation of Chinese cabbage and broccoli with this construct, transgenic plants were efficiently selected with the herbicide bispyribac sodium salt and screened by DNA gel blot analysis. The average transformation frequency of Chinese cabbage was 1.2±0.2%, which was similar to those in reports using antibiotic selectable markers and was lower than for broccoli (13.9±2.0%). Furthermore, the escape rate was restricted at a low level (about 35-50% lower than hygromycin selection), which is an advantage on practical transformation. We confirmed transgene inheritance and herbicide resistance of potted plants in the T₁ generation. This report is the first to describe a selection system for the transformation of a Brassica crop that uses a herbicide-tolerant selectable marker derived from a cisgene..

Collier, M. J. ; Mullins, E.. 2012. Assessing the impact of pollen-mediated gene flow from GM herbicide tolerant Brassica napus into common wild relatives in Ireland. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section B 112B : 257 - 266.

Although now we have had many years of research completed on assessing the potential environmental impact of GM crops, concern remains over their potential impact on biodiversity in the rural landscape. In particular, issues have arisen in regards to the modification of crops with traits that could introgress into sexually compatible wild relatives. In contrast to wheat, barley, potato and maize, Brassica napus (oilseed rape) is the only commercial crop grown in Ireland at present with the potential to successfully transfer its DNA, via pollen-mediated gene flow, into inter-related weed species. This review details the species in question and by examining the relevant literature that relates to Irish agronomic conditions, demonstrates that gene flow is likely to occur, especially to an earlier used cultivar, Brassica rapa. However, the critical factor remains not that GM traits will flow from the commercial source but what might the consequences of said gene flow events be. This review indicates that the conferred trait in question (in this case, herbicide tolerance) can only impact on weed diversity in the presence of selecting herbicide action. In the absence of the herbicide, the GM traits will be lost from the wild species over time and will not confer any selective advantage that could facilitate population growth..

Aono, M. ; Wakiyama, S. ; Nagatsu, M. ; Kaneko, Y. ; Nishizawa, T. ; Nakajima, N. ; Tamaoki, M. ; Kubo, A. ; Saji, H.. 2011. Seeds of a possible natural hybrid between herbicide-resistant Brassica napus and Brassica rapa detected on a riverbank in Japan. GM Crops 2 : 201 - 210.

Transgenic herbicide-resistant varieties of Brassica napus, or oilseed rape, from which canola oil is obtained, are imported into Japan, where this plant is not commercially cultivated to a large extent. This study aimed to examine the distribution of herbicide-resistant B. napus and transgene flow to escaped populations of its closely related species, B. rapa and B. juncea. Samples were collected from 12 areas near major ports through which oilseed rape imports into Japan passed - Kashima, Chiba, Yokohama, Shimizu, Nagoya, Yokkaichi, Sakai-Senboku, Kobe, Uno, Mizushima, Kita-Kyushu, and Hakata - and the presence of glyphosate- and/or glufosinate-resistant B. napus was confirmed in all areas except Yokohama, Sakai-Senboku, Uno, and Kita-Kyushu. The Yokkaichi area was the focus because several herbicide-resistant B. napus plants were detected not only on the roadside where oilseed rape spilled during transportation but also on the riverbanks, where escaped populations of B. rapa and B. juncea grew. Samples of B. napus that were tolerant to both herbicides were detected in four continuous years (2005-2008) in this area, suggesting the possibility of intraspecific transgene flow within the escaped B. napus populations. Moreover, in 2008, seeds of a possible natural hybrid between herbicide-tolerant B. napus (2n=38) and B. rapa (2n=20) were detected; some seedlings derived from the seeds collected at a Yokkaichi site showed glyphosate resistance and had 2n=29 chromosomes. This observation strongly suggests the occurrence of hybridization between herbicide-resistant B. napus and escaped B. rapa and the probability of introgression of a herbicide-resistance gene into related escaped species..

Zhang JunJie ; Liu Fan ; Yao Lei ; Luo Chen ; Zhao Qing ; Huang YuBi. 2011. Vacuum infiltration transformation of non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis) with the pinII gene and bioassay for diamondback moth resistance. Plant Biotechnology Reports 5 : 217 - 224.

Non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis) is a popular vegetable in Asian countries. The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.), an insect with worldwide distribution, is a main pest of Brassicaceae crops and causes enormous crop losses. Transfer of the anti-insect gene into the plant genome by transgenic technology and subsequent breeding of insect-resistant varieties will be an effective approach to reducing the damage caused by this pest. We have produced transgenic non-heading Chinese cabbage plants expressing the potato proteinase inhibitor II gene (pinII) and tested the pest resistance of these transgenic plants. Non-heading Chinese cabbages grown for 45 days on which buds had formed were used as experimental materials for Agrobacterium-mediated vacuum infiltration transformation. Forty-one resistant plants were selected from 1166 g of seed harvested from the infiltrated plants based on the resistance of the young seedlings to the herbicide Basta. The transgenic traits were further confirmed by the Chlorophenol red test, PCR, and genomic Southern blotting. The results showed that the bar and pinII genes were co-integrated into the resistant plant genome. A bioassay of insect resistance in the second generation of individual lines of the transgenic plants showed that DBM larvae fed on transgenic leaves were severely stunted and had a higher mortality than those fed on the wild-type leaves..

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